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April 28, 2006

Temporary Lag in Coverage

This post is to inform readers that we will be slowing the pace of posting over the next few days as the result of a tragic incident personal to the authors. The pace should pick up again hopefully early next week, at which point there will be some changes to the layout of the site. The changes include links to news sources and blogs, organized according to bias. Additionally, there will be an "About Us" section with a short biography of the authors and an outlined purpose for the website. If you have any comments or suggestions regarding the site's layout and content, do not hesitate to contact any of the authors. Contact the authors by clicking on any of their names under a post.

April 26, 2006

MDMA and Impulse Control

A study (also found here) done at Maastricht University in the Netherlands examined the effect of MDMA and alcohol, both in combination and by themselves, on "behavioral measures of impulsivity and risk-taking behavior." The study found that "MDMA decreased stop reaction time in the stop-signal task indicating increased impulse control" and also that there appeared to be no interaction effect on any of the measured criteria.

April 25, 2006

Article Examines the Toxicity of Recreational Drugs

An article in the May-June issue of American Scientist examines the toxicity of drugs to find that alcohol is more toxic than many illicit substances that are generally considered more dangerous. The author claims that alcohol has a fatal dose that is only 10 times the effective dose, compared with marijuana or LSD, for which the claimed fatal dose is over 1000 times the effective dose, or MDMA, for which the fatal dose is 16 times the effective dose.

The article explains that the fatal dose becomes lower in cases of closely-spaced uses - for example, taking MDMA several times close together will increase the risk of a fatal dose, because the body has not had enough time to metabolize all of the ecstasy from the previous use. Also, it is difficult to measure the fatal dosage without a controlled study, making it difficult to accurately estimate the amount required for a fatal dose.

Evaluation of DWI Screening Tests

Today's CESAR FAX shows an evaluation of DWI screening tests, the first of its kind since 1992. The authors of the study examined 12 screening instruments and recommended the MAC (MacAndrews Alcoholism Scale) and AUI (Alcohol Use Inventory) screening tests, since they were the two most effective at predicting DWI recidivism.

Drug May Help With Cocaine Addiction

The US National Institutes of Health is funding a study on the effect of a narcolepsy drug, modafinil, on helping kick a cocaine addiction. Modafinil is thought to help cocaine addicts by both decreasing cravings and also by restoring dopamine levels to normal without having to use cocaine (though the latter might be the mechanism for the former).

April 24, 2006

Canadian Supreme Court Defines Addiction as a Disability

In a 4-3 ruling, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled favorably for two men who had been denied disability benefits as a result of afflictions such as alcoholism and drug addiction. The men had waited two years only to face a denial of benefits, and when they appealed, it was turned down on the basis that the men suffered from alcoholism alone. The ruling overrides Canadian federal appeals code, which states that those suffering from drug addiction are not eligible for disability benefits.

April 23, 2006

A Call for Marijuana Legalization

This article in the San Francisco Chronicle sketches out some of the key arguments for marijuana legalization. The article was written in response to a NORML meeting in San Francisco and claims that prohibition has been tried and has failed (40% of Americans have tried marijuana). The recommendation of the article is to use similar methods of regulation and taxation that are currently used for tobacco.

April 21, 2006

Age Of Overdose Victims Rising

There has been a growth of overdose victims in the mid-30 to mid-50-year age range. Drug abuse experts cite the increase in Baby Boomer overdose as going largely unnoticed, occluded by popularized strides in diminished teen drug use. There is concern that Federal programs, including treatment, have largely overlooked the growing proportion of aging drug abusers.

FDA Issues Statement Discounting Smoked Marijuana for Medical Uses

The Food and Drug Administration issued a statement today concerning the use of marijuana smoked for medical purposes. The statement claims that "marijuana has a high potential for abuse, has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and has a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision." The FDA refers to a "past evaluation by several Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) agencies," which "concluded that no sound scientific studies supported medical use of marijuana for treatment in the United States, and no animal or human data supported the safety or efficacy of marijuana for general medical use." Also, the statement only focuses on "smoked marijuana," leaving the question of other consumption methods such as eating or vaporization completely open.

A New York Times article highlights how the "statement directly contradicts a 1999 review by the Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, the nation's most prestigious scientific advisory agency." The contradictory review "found marijuana to be moderately well suited for particular conditions, such as chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and AIDS wasting." While this study is apparently ignored in the statement, the FDA notes that the administration's "drug approval process requires well-controlled clinical trials that provide the necessary scientific data upon which FDA makes its approval and labeling decisions." However, at the same time, the Times article points out that "scientists who study the medical use of marijuana said in interviews that the federal government had actively discouraged research."

In the meanwhile, the ONDCP Drug Czar issued his own statement that uses the FDA's press release to reinforce the ONDCP's policies.

April 19, 2006

New Jersey Considers Needle Exchange Program

Governor Jon Corzine of New Jersey is pushing his state legislature to lift the state's ban on needle exchange programs by passing a bill through the Assembly and the Senate. New Jersey currently ranks fifth among the nation in HIV infection rates, and "more than half its cases can be linked to injection drug use." Currently, New Jersey is one of only two states (the other is Delaware) that doesn't allow needle exchange programs or sale of syringes.

California's Prop. 36 Gets Another Positive Review

The Justice Policy Institute released a report outlining some of the successes of California's Prop. 36. Previous studies done on the proposition's effectiveness (here and here) have shown the same thing: it works. California saw the greatest decline in the number of drug-related inmates among the nation's 10 largest states since 2000. California also came in second (to New York) overall in the percentage drop of those imprisoned. Also, "The rate of incarceration for drug-possession offenses has gone from 89 per 100,000 California adults in December 2000 to 58 in December 2005—a 34.3 percent decrease." The full report can be found here.

April 18, 2006

Tennessee Turns Down Meth Treatment Facility

A plan to build a ten million dollar meth treatment facility was defeated today in the Tennessee House. The proponents of the plan claimed the state would save money by avoiding the heavy costs of incarceration. The opponents of the plan "such as Representative Johnny Shaw of Bolivar said it was unfair to target one type of addiction without treating others."

ONDCP Data Show MDMA Market Contracting

The ONDCP posted a press release today that claims a 2/3 decline in Ecstacy use since 2001. In 2001, domestic seizures had reached 11 million, but have dropped to lower than 3 million tablets in the past 2 years. Drug Czar John Walters claims that the data shows how "balanced strategies against our drug threats make the drug problem smaller."

Peruvian Candidate Challenges U.S. International Control Policies

Citing the financial dependence of over 30,000 families on coca crops, front-running Peruvian presidential candidate Ollanta Humala has pledged to stop the elimination of coca crops in Peru. His sentiments and proposed policies echo the recently elected Evo Morales of Bolivia, whose coca policy is described as "Zero Cocaine -- Not Zero Coca." If Humala is elected, Columbia will be the United States' sole ally in the Andes anti-drug effort.

Montana and Illinois Authorize "Meth Prisons"

Montana and Illinois have both authorized construction of new "meth prisons," which are meant to treat those who commit crimes to feed their addiction, as well as drug dealers and even manufacturers. The prisons will keep addicts seperate from the traditional prison crowd in order to cut down on soaring recidivism rates. When placed into regular prisons, addicts often learn new criminal tricks of the trade from other prisoners; the article cited check forging as an example. The new facilities serve the dual goal of keeping addicts seperate from these influences while better managing and healing their addiction through treatment.

April 17, 2006

Admission to Treatment for Alcohol and Cocaine Users Relatively Declines While Marijuana and Stimulant Users Rise

Today's CESAR Fax reports the difference between the 1993 and 2003 data for the national Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). While treatment for alcohol remained highest, data shows a decline from 57% of cases to 41%, while cocaine dropped 3 percentage points to 14% of cases. In the meanwhile, marijuana admissions doubled and stimulant admissions tripled, while opiate admission increased 5 percentage points to 18%.

Youth Daytime Dealing and Drug Use Reduced on Nonschool Days

April 10th's CESAR Fax reports on a lower amount of youth daytime dealing and drug use on nonschool days when compared with normal school days. The report cites four possible reasons for the data, including higher opportunity for use and dealing at school, improved enforcement and detection of drug-related behaviors at schools, better parental supervision of children during the daytime on nonschool days, and/or inactivity of youth in the morning on nonschool days.

April 16, 2006

SSDP Gets The Statistics

The Department of Education has relinquished statistics on students who were denied federal aid based on prior drug convictions to Students for Sensible Drug Policy following a lawsuit the group filed to get the information for free. It turns out that since the 2000-2001 school year (the first year the rule was enacted), 189,065 students have been denied financial aid based on prior drug convictions. This accounts for about 1 in every 400 students that apply for federal aid.

Cincinnati Marijuana Challenged

A new Cincinnati law increases the penalty of possesion of 100 grams of marijuana. Previously the city and state law had only penalized this level of possesion with a ticket, but now in Cincinnati it also carries a jail sentence of up to thirty days. Activist Nate Livingston and lawyer Ken Lawson have filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the law. "The city's law is unjust, he said, because it violates equal protection under the law, making it unconstitutional. 'Two citizens in the same state can engage in the same conduct, and one is labeled a criminal and one is not,' Lawson said." The law will expire in one year if the city council does not vote to extend it.

April 15, 2006

Canadian Legislation to Target Marijuana Grow Ops

New legislation in Canada will make power consumption data available to law enforcement in hopes of tracking down more marijuana growing operations. Because marijuana farming requires so much energy, it can raise a home's energy consumption by a factor of 3 to 10. Law enforcement hopes to use this fact to their advantage by investigating homes whose energy consumption is unusually high.

One Third of Drivers Who Test Positive for Illegal Drugs Pass Impairment Test

A British study found that 1/3 of drivers who tested positive for illicit drugs passed an impairment test by driving well. Additionally, police officers were unable to find any apparent impairment in those drivers during Field Impairment Tests.

April 14, 2006

Meth on Reservations

Meth has found its way onto American Indian reservations, including a Navajo reservation in Arizona. Statistics are difficult to come by on the reservations, but it has become generally accepted that the meth problem is growing. Furthermore, law enforcement has had great difficulty in curbing the growth due to the vastness of the reservations, and "FBI agents cannot blend in on the reservation the way they do in the big city."

FBI Criminal Investigations Drop

Since the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the FBI has refocused its resources from white-collar crimes and drugs to anti-terrorism efforts. As a result, the total number of cases where the FBI was lead investigator have dropped 25% in the past five years. One former federal public defender hailed the statistics as representative of a "healthy step," by moving the U.S. "away from the federalization of (lesser) crimes and toward a focus on the truly big ones." Even so, while there has been a four-fold increase in terrorist cases, the Government Accountability Office reported in early 2003 that of 174 terrorism cases studied, three-fourths were inappropriately labeled. After evaluating the Justice Department's figures, a former federal prosecutor suspects that the Department could be designating low-level violations like immigration as terrorism cases.

ONDCP Releases 2005 Coca Estimates for Colombia

The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) released a statement outlining the Colombian coca crop estimations for 2005. The area that was surveyed in 2004 and 2005 showed an 8% drop (from 114,100 to 105,400 hectares) in coca production. However, the 2005 study also surveyed 81% more land than before, and found an additional 39,000 hectares in the expanded surveyed area. The survey also showed that areas previously sprayed yielded about 10% less coca in 2005 than 2004, whereas areas not sprayed showed a 12% increase.

New Soft Drink Made from Coca Leaves

A tribe of Indians in Colombia has started selling a controversial new soft drink, Coca-Sek, that is made with a syrup that's produced by boiling coca leaves. They are going to begin selling the drink nation-wide in Colombia, and hope to break into the energy drink market.

Conference Names Synthetic Opiates and Painkiller Abuse a Big Problem

A San Diego conference warned of the increasing addictions to synthetic prescription opiates like OxyContin. Authorities claim that these drugs cause problems similar to cocaine and heroin, but are legitimized by the public due to their availability as prescriptions. Former Drug Czar Barry McCaffrey said that "the abuse of these synthetic opiates comes with the same personal consequences as abuse of heroin." The conference was sponsered by CRC Health Group Inc., a provider of chemical dependency treatments.

Link Found Between Violent Video Games and Drug Use

A study done by Sonya Brady of UCSF and Karen Matthews of the University of Pittsburgh found a link between violent video games and alcohol and drug use. The research was conducted on 100 males aged 18-21 found that those who played the violent video game had higher blood pressure and "more permissive attitudes toward using alcohol and marijuana." The abstract can be found here.

April 11, 2006

Study Examines Marijuana Gateway Hypothesis

A New Zealand study found a high correlation between marijuana use and the use of other illicit drugs. The correlation was highest during youth, declining with age. However, while the study's "findings may support a general causal model such as the cannabis gateway hypothesis...the actual causal mechanisms underlying such a gateway, and the extent to which these causal mechanisms are direct or indirect, remain unclear." Thus, the correlation, while strong, remains spurious.

April 10, 2006

Study Suggests Tumor Growth Aided by Alcohol

A study done by researchers at the University of Mississippi of alcohol consumption's affect on tumors in mice shows that alcohol may increase tumor growth. The mice were given the equivalent of 2-4 glasses of alcohol and injected with melanoma. The mice that had the alcohol had tumors about twice as heavy as the control group after about 4 weeks. The alcohol caused increased levels of a growth factor that aids tumor growth, as well as an increases in micro-vessels.

Deleware's Former Chief Prosecutor Criticizes War on Drugs

Peter Letang, Deleware's former chief prosecutor, has outlined a concise criticism regarding the war on drugs. Letang suggests "that it is time to retool our focus. Legislating against some traits of human behavior, such as prostitution and prohibition, have been abysmal failures, and why should we think drugs are any different." He recommends removing the profit incentive from the illicit drugs market and lists a number of benefits from doing so:

The profit incentive drives the drug market, and a substantial portion of street violence and criminal activity are the result. Reduce a $200-a-day drug habit to $10 a day and the numbers of convenience-store and street robberies will be reduced. Street corner "turf" shootings will be impacted in that the flow of easy big money will dry up.
Letang also describes how the number of those imprisoned for minor drug offenses would plummet, freeing up funds for better rehabilitation programs and other areas of government.

April 09, 2006

Study of Teen Drug Use

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) released a report that outlines some patterns of youth drug use. Among 12-17 year-olds, 10.9% reported using illicit drugs in the past month for 2004, down from 11.4% in 2002. Alcohol use reported by teens remained constant, with 17.67% reporting drinking within the last month.

April 07, 2006

Low Self Esteem as Adolescent Linked to Later Drug Dependence

A study conducted by Florida State University researchers found a link between low self-esteem at age 11 and drug dependence at age 20. The children who the researchers categorized as having very low self-esteem were 1.6 times as likely as the rest of the group to be dependent on one or more drugs by age 20. Researchers are hopeful that by finding indicators of later drug dependence, it may be easier to prevent.

Report Finds Drug Free Zones Increase Disproportionate Incarceration of Minorities

The Justice Police Institute released a report on drug free zones that shows how these zones exceedingly punish non-whites and produce massive racial discrepancies in prisons. In New Jersey, for example, 96 percent of all those imprisoned under drug free zone laws are Latino or African American, while those ethnic groups only make up 27% of the state's population. Connecticut and Massachusetts had similar incarceration breakdowns. This article discusses some implications of the report.

April 06, 2006

Study Estimates Illicit Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use Across States

A Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) sponsered study "presents state estimates for 22 measures of substance use or mental health problems based on the 2003 and 2004 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs)." An interesting feature of the study is a state-by-state measure of serious psychological distress among adults. This New York Times article runs through a few key points of the study.

Judge Awards South Carolina Students $1.2 Million in Police Raid

A judge awarded a group of South Carolina high school students with a $1.2 million sum after their constitutional rights were violated. The violation occured when police raided the school with guns drawn but found no drugs. 59 families participated in the suit against the police and school district.

California's Prop. 36 Validated Again

California's Prop. 36 was again shown to be effective, this time in a UCLA study that compared the spending on the program to savings yielded. The study found that for every dollar invested, there was a savings of $2.50 and that in all, the program saved the government $273.3 million. For each participant who actually finished the program, a one dollar investment yielded a four dollar savings. We reported earlier on a DPA report that also found the proposition an effective measure.

April 05, 2006

Apparent Racial Profiling in Meth Investigation

The American Civil Liberties Union has filed a motion to have all remaining charges dropped in "Operation Meth Merchant" due to racial profiling. The implications of this investigation in North Georgia point to both the DEA and local officials who appeared to be targeting South Asian store owners. Of the twenty-four stores targeted in the investigation twenty-three are owned by South Asians, while eighty percent of the stores in the area are owned by other ethnic groups. Furthermore, the ACLU claims that investigators ignored tips and leads that were directed at white owners.

Hallucinogens Reconsidered by Medicine

A small study using the hallucinogen psilocybin has been conducted by Harbor-UCLA Medical Center to treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. This study also helped at least one of its volunteers cope with imminent death. Yet, some fear that the use of hallucinogens will result in a repeat of the LSD wave of the 1960s. The possibilities for the medical community abound but the problems of misuse remain.

Researchers Report Compulsive Behavior Linked to Parkinson's Medications

At the American Academy of Neurology annual meeting in San Diego today, researchers announced findings that linked Parkinson's drugs with compulsive behavior. While the percentage of patients who exhibited such compulsive behavior was low, it still was double the national average. The behavior prominently included gambling, oversexed tendencies, and compulsive shopping. In 2005, a study found that some gamblers stopped giving in to their habit after halting their medication. The researchers recommended that patients with a history of alcoholism or risk takers should be more carefully monitored when taking Parkinson's medications.

Man Abuses MDMA in a Huge Way

London University doctors released a report about a man who had an estimated 40,000 pills of ecstacy in a nine year period, averaging 25 pills per day during his 4-year peak period. The man suffered from "extreme [short-term] memory problems, paranoia, hallucinations and depression." He also seemed to not be aware of his memory problems. The man was also a heavy marijuana smoker, and when the doctors convinced him to quit, his paranoia and hallucinations stopped. They reported that evaluating him at all was difficult because he lacked the short-term memory and concentration necessary to complete the small tasks.

April 04, 2006

Best Marijuana Addiction Treatment?

A study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Institutes of Health indicates that marijuana treatment may be most effective when both incentives and behavioral therapy are used. A follow-up a year after the treatments were given found that the incentive only group had a 17% abstinence rate, the therapy group 23%, and the group that had both was 37% abstinent. The researchers pointed out that the study involved mostly white males, which may undermine the universality of the test.

Italy Sets Drug Trafficking Limit at 5 Grams of Marijuana

Italy has set the amount of marijuana that qualifies a citizen as a trafficker at 5 grams, and the amount of cocaine at 1.6 grams. The new policy incorporated scientific analyses to avoid former arbitrary thresholds that would lead to much worse and undeserved punishments. For traffickers, jailtime can range from 6-20 years, and regular users risk the loss of their license or passport.

April 03, 2006

Marijuana Increases Emphysema Risk

An Australian study found that marijauna users risk the onset of emphysema 20 years before tobacco smokers. The risk is increased possibly because of higher temperatures at which the marijuana is inhaled and different inhalation techniques. Matthew Naughton of Melbourne's Alfred Hospital explained that "a tobacco smoker generally has smaller holes in the top of the lungs. What we were seeing (in marijuana smokers) was larger holes in the top and mid-part of the chest." The emphysema cases in marijuana smokers were more advanced and occured 20 years earlier than the cases in tobacco users.

Nicotine Patches or Gums May Hinder Chemotherapy

According to researchers at the University of Southern Florida, use of nicotine patches or gums may interfere with chemotherapy's affect on cancer cells. When nicotine was added to the mix, the drugs that normally helped cancer cells kill themselves off seemed to be blocked by the cancer cells' response to the nicotine.

April 02, 2006

Youths' Sweet Tooth

The National Drug and Research Centre of Australia is asking the producers of sweet alcoholic drinks to make them less sweet. The Centre's request comes as a result of underage drinkers affinity for the sweet mixers. Furthermore, the Centre has asked for marketers to restrain from targeting underage drinkers.

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